Monday, September 17, 2012

Quantifiers | Give me "some some"

Some means at least 1 or more (all the way up to 100%).

Weird, huh? But that's the definition of some on the LSAT. Don't fight it. The sooner you accept this truth/theory, the better off you'll be on the LSAT.

Opposite of Some (you usually need to know how to do this for Necessary Assumption questions)

If some means "at least one," then the opposite of some would be zero/none.

"Nothing outlasts the energizer bunny...." OPPOSITE: "Something outlasts the energizer bunny...."

"Somebody gonna get hurt real bad."  OPPOSITE: "Nobody gonna get hurt real bad."

"Somewhere over the rainbow..." OPPOSITE: "Nowhere over the rainbow..."

You get the idea. It helps to know how to find the opposite, when you're doing Necessary Assumption questions, for example.

Diagramming Some and meshing it with other Quantifiers (usually need to know how to do this for Must Be True questions and Matching Argument Questions a.k.a. Parallel questions)

I like to diagram some statements by using a long dash. So for example, "Some actors are natural born losers."

Actors ----s---- Natural Born Losers  OR   A----s----L

Why a looooonnng dash instead of an arrow? Simply because unlike arrow statements, some statements can freely be read both ways (left and right) - i.e., some actors are natural born losers; some natural born losers are actors. You see how it can go both ways? This is possible because, again, the definition of some is at least one. If at least one actor is a natural born loser, it stands to reason that at least one natural born loser is an actor.

Some can only be combined with an All statement. 

Premise: Some beer lovers also love wine.
Premise: All wine lovers love to drink grape products. 
Conclusion: Some Beer lovers love to drink grape products

-or-

Premise: Beer Lovers ----s----Wine Lovers
Premise: Wine Lovers ------> Love Grape Products
Conclusion: Beer Lovers ----s----Love Grape Products

You can conclude/connect "Beer Lovers" to "Love Grape Products".

Why? Because...

Beer Lovers ----s----Wine Lovers ------> Love Grape Products

*NOTE how the transitive property (connecting the two sentences) works since the some statement shares an element (i.e., Wine Lovers) with the all statement. BUT realize this - the some statement must begin the transitive property chain. If the chain began with the all statement then even if there the some and all share elements, there is no valid conclusion. For example, if the example read:

Premise: Some wine lovers love to drink grape products.
Premise: All beer lovers love wine.
Conclusion: ???

-or-

Premise: Wine Lovers ----s---- Love Grape Products
Premise: Beer Lovers -------> Wine Lovers
Conclusion: ???


You can't conclude anything from the above two sentences because the all statement begins the chain (see below):

Beer lovers -------> Wine Lovers ----s---- Love Grape Products.

REMEMBER the some and all can only yield a conclusion, IF (1) the some statement and the all statement share an element; and (2) the some statement begins the transitive property.

Some-Some or Some-Most
Can't really conclude anything between two some statements or when you have a some statement and most statement. I find it helpful here to simply internalize it with mnemonics.

When someone comes over and says, "Give me some-some, baby." You're response should be, NO NO!

When someone comes over and says, "Give me some most of the times, baby." You're response, again, should be, NO NO!

:)

The idea is to understand that some statements cannot be combined with another some statement or with a most statement.


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